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Name Reactions of Amines
Name Reactions of Amines (a) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: This reaction is used for the preparation of aliphatic primary amines. In this reaction, phthalimide is first of all treated with ethanolic KOH to form potassium phthalimide. Potassium phthalimide on treatment with alkyl halide gives N-alkyl phthalimide, which on hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid gives a primary amine as the product. (b) Hoffmann bromamide reaction: When a primary acid amide is heated with a
Vikas Yadav
Oct 7, 20242 min read
Name Reactions - Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehyde, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid)
Name Reactions - Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehyde, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid) Important Name Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (a) Rosenmund...
Vikas Yadav
Oct 6, 20242 min read
Name Reactions - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Name Reactions - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (a) Kolbe’s reaction: When sodium phenoxide is heated with CO2 at 400 K under a pressure...
Vikas Yadav
Oct 6, 20241 min read
Name Reactions - From Halo alkanes and Halo arenes
(i) Sandmeyer’s Reaction - Benzene diazonium chloride is converted to chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, cyanobenzene on treatment with CuCl/HCl, CuBr/HBr and CuCN/KCN, respectively. (ii) Finkelstein Reaction - Chloroalkanes or bromoalkanes are converted into corresponding iodoalkanes by treating with sodium iodide dissolved in acetone. (iii) Wurtz Reaction - Alkyl halides react with metallic sodium in the presence of dry ether to form alkanes. This reaction is used for the prep
Vikas Yadav
Jun 19, 20221 min read
Salt Analysis for Class XII Practical File
Salt analysis (also known as systematic qualitative analysis or qualitative inorganic analysis) involves the identification of the cation...
Vikas Yadav
May 22, 20211 min read
Aseet Srivastava
Mar 180 min read
Motion Quiz | CBSE class IX | Distance & Displacement | Gurucool Classes | Aseet Srivastava
In this video, we learn the basic concepts of **Distance and Displacement** from the chapter *Motion* for Class 9 Science. Distance is the total path travelled by an object, while displacement is the shortest straight-line distance between the initial and final positions. The video explains the difference between these two quantities with simple examples and diagrams, making it easy for students to understand. Perfect for **CBSE Class 9 students** prepari
Aseet Srivastava
Mar 140 min read
Raoult's Law | Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions | Class XII | CBSE, ISC and Other Boards
Raoult’s Law explains how the vapour pressure of a solution depends on the mole fraction of its components. According to this law, the partial vapour pressure of each component in an ideal solution is proportional to its mole fraction. This concept is important in **Class 12 CBSE Chemistry** under the chapter *Solutions*. However, many mixtures do not obey Raoult’s Law perfectly and are called **non-ideal solutions**. Such solutions
Vikas Yadav
Mar 100 min read
Mole Concept | Avogadro's Hypothesis | Avogadro's Number | Class IX, X, XI
The **mole concept** is a fundamental idea in chemistry that helps scientists count extremely small particles such as atoms, molecules, and ions. Since these particles are too tiny to count directly, chemists use the concept of a mole as a convenient unit. One mole of any substance contains **6.022 × 10²³ particles**, a value known as **Avogadro's Number**. This number represents the amount of particles present in one mole of a substance. The concept is closely related to **A
Vikas Yadav
Mar 90 min read
Significant Figures | Class XI | CBSE | ISC | Other Board
**Significant figures** are the backbone of scientific precision, representing the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one final estimated digit. In Class 11 Chemistry and competitive exams like **JEE** and **NEET**, mastering these rules is crucial to ensure that calculated results reflect the actual accuracy of the laboratory instruments used.
Vikas Yadav
Mar 60 min read
Flip Card for Chemistry Part | CBSE Class X | Science
Key Topics Covered:
Chemical Reactions: Types of reactions (Decomposition, Redox, Exothermic), balancing, and corrosion.
Acids, Bases and Salts: pH scale, chemical formulas of salts (Baking soda, Bleaching powder), and indicators.
Metals and Non-Metals: Physical properties, Reactivity series, Alloying, and Extraction (Cinnabar/Galvanization).
Carbon and Its Compounds: Catenation, Homologous series, Saponification, Esters, and Allotropes.
Vikas Yadav
Feb 100 min read
Hydrocarbons | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and
pyrolysis.
Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism,
physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect),
ozonolysis, oxidation, mechani
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements
in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper
conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals,
carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Redox Reactions | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox
reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number,
applications of redox reactions.
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Equilibrium | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of
mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier's principle,
ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of
ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts
(elementary idea), buffer solution, Henderson Equation, solubility product, common ion
effect (with illustrative exam
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Thermodynamics | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive
and intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific
heat, measurement of ∆U and ∆H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of
bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction),
Introductio
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Chemical Bonding | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar
character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory,
resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization,
involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital
theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Classification of Elements | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern
periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of
elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, electronegativity, valiancy, Nomenclature of elements with atomic number
greater than 100.
Vikas Yadav
Feb 70 min read
Structure of an Atom | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars.
Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de
Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau
principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and H
Vikas Yadav
Feb 60 min read
Basic Concepts of Chemistry | Quiz | CBSE Board | Class 11
Basic Concepts of Chemistry | Quiz | CBSE Board
Vikas Yadav
Feb 40 min read
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